{"id":1347,"date":"2025-09-01T04:47:53","date_gmt":"2025-09-01T04:47:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/war-and-territory\/"},"modified":"2025-09-13T09:56:31","modified_gmt":"2025-09-13T09:56:31","slug":"war-and-territory","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/en\/war-and-territory\/","title":{"rendered":"War and Territory"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"1347\" class=\"elementor elementor-1347 elementor-884\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5457f6f elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle parallax_section_no qode_elementor_container_no qode-content-aligment-left\" data-id=\"5457f6f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-45b4083\" data-id=\"45b4083\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6c422d3 elementor-section-full_width qode_elementor_container_inner elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default parallax_section_no qode-content-aligment-left\" data-id=\"6c422d3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-01cbf0e\" data-id=\"01cbf0e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1ce0ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"d1ce0ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6557334 elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6557334\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6>AS TORRES PROJECT &#8211; Tomi\u00f1o<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e5efdb8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"e5efdb8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-294c595 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"294c595\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>War and Territory<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9241b1e elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"9241b1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-12223b5 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default parallax_section_no qode_elementor_container_no qode-content-aligment-left\" data-id=\"12223b5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-718be29\" data-id=\"718be29\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c630c8a elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"c630c8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9438a13 elementor-toc--minimized-on-desktop elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"9438a13\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h3&quot;,&quot;h4&quot;,&quot;h5&quot;,&quot;h6&quot;],&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No headings were found on this page.&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;desktop&quot;,&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;numbers&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tINDEX\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__9438a13\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__9438a13\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__9438a13\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8d6cb3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"b8d6cb3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-06405b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-qi_addons_for_elementor_dropcaps\" data-id=\"06405b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"qi_addons_for_elementor_dropcaps.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qodef-shortcode qodef-m qodef-qi-dropcaps\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"qodef-m-letter\">\n\t\t\tT\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<p class=\"qodef-m-text\">\n\t\t\the main consequence of this war was the construction of a border defensive network that modernized the medieval castle network, giving rise to a new landscape that materialized the principles of bastioned fortification: now the medieval castles, with their keeps, changed their appearance, and were surrounded by bastions and complex defensive lines.\t\t<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ffe930 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8ffe930\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The surrounding lands were filled with moats, half-moons, ravelins, hornworks, and other exterior defenses that made it difficult for the enemy army to access the fortress or border towns. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>The border cities underwent a major transformation that radically modified their layout, access systems, and the lives of their inhabitants, who now saw the beginning of large construction projects amid intermittent battles.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e56bcb5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e56bcb5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Batalha_do_Ameixal.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Descriptive Engraving of the Battle of Ameixal Dated from the 17th Century (between 1663 and 1670). The Engraving is in the Portuguese National Library.\" data-elementor-lightbox-description=\"Descriptive engraving of the Battle of Ameixal dated from the 17th century (between 1663 and 1670). The engraving is in the Portuguese National Library.  \" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTM1NiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2ZvcnRhbGV6YXNkYWZyb250ZWlyYS5jb21cL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjVcLzA5XC9CYXRhbGhhX2RvX0FtZWl4YWwuanBnIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"824\" src=\"https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Batalha_do_Ameixal-1024x824.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1356\" alt=\"Descriptive engraving of the Battle of Ameixal dated from the 17th century (between 1663 and 1670). The engraving is in the Portuguese National Library.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Batalha_do_Ameixal-1024x824.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Batalha_do_Ameixal-300x241.jpg 300w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Batalha_do_Ameixal-768x618.jpg 768w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Batalha_do_Ameixal-1536x1236.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Batalha_do_Ameixal-700x563.jpg 700w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Batalha_do_Ameixal-1100x885.jpg 1100w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Batalha_do_Ameixal.jpg 1804w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Descriptive engraving of the Battle of Ameixal dated from the 17th century (between 1663 and 1670). The engraving is in the Portuguese National Library.  <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-fc66297 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default parallax_section_no qode_elementor_container_no qode-content-aligment-left\" data-id=\"fc66297\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-69e5502\" data-id=\"69e5502\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d0b5488 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"d0b5488\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d0b874d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d0b874d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>The 17th Century War <\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-06f0507 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget-tablet__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"06f0507\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The <strong>Portuguese War of Restoration<\/strong> (1640-1668) began after the proclamation of the <strong>Duke of Bragan\u00e7a<\/strong> as <strong>Jo\u00e3o IV<\/strong> and ended with the <strong>independence of Portugal from the Kingdom of Castile<\/strong>. The war was the consequence of growing discontent among some political and social groups due to Portugal&#8217;s annexation to the Hispanic Empire by <strong>Philip II<\/strong> in 1580. <\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p>The 28 years of this war were characterized by periodic confrontations, both small battles and serious armed conflicts, many of which were caused by conflicts in Spain and Portugal with non-Iberian powers. <b>Spain<\/b> participated in the <b>Thirty Years&#8217; War<\/b> until 1648 and in the <b>Franco-Spanish War<\/b> until 1659, while <b>Portugal<\/b> participated in the <b>Portuguese-Dutch War<\/b> until 1663. The front remained almost static, with some captures in enemy territory, and on the Spanish side mainly remained defensive until 1660, given the priority that the Madrid Court gave to suppressing the <b>Catalan Revolt<\/b>. On the other hand, the war had frequent truces due to fatigue and poor preparation of the armies on both sides, as both kingdoms were at war against other powers.   <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p>Militarily, <b>the Portuguese War of Restoration<\/b> consisted mainly of <b>border skirmishes<\/b> and cavalry raids against border towns, combined with <b>occasional invasions and counter-invasions<\/b>, many of them timid and insufficiently funded. There were only <b>five major carefully prepared battles<\/b> during the twenty-eight years of hostilities. The main front of the conflict was <b>Extremadura<\/b>, followed by the <b>Galician<\/b> front, which only gained importance in the last years of the war, from 1665. The conflict ended with the <b>Spanish Empire recognizing Portuguese independence<\/b> and the <b>House of Bragan\u00e7a<\/b> as the <b>new ruling dynasty of Portugal<\/b>, replacing the House of Habsburg.    <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ea049c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9ea049c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fortaleza_goian.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Aerial View of Goi\u00e1n Fortress, Tomi\u00f1o. Photo: Tomi\u00f1o City Council\" data-elementor-lightbox-description=\"Aerial view of Goi\u00e1n Fortress, Tomi\u00f1o. Photo: Tomi\u00f1o City Council \" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTMzNiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2ZvcnRhbGV6YXNkYWZyb250ZWlyYS5jb21cL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjVcLzA5XC9mb3J0YWxlemFfZ29pYW4uanBnIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"676\" src=\"https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fortaleza_goian-1024x676.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1336\" alt=\"Aerial view of Goi\u00e1n Fortress, Tomi\u00f1o. Photo: Tomi\u00f1o City Council\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fortaleza_goian-1024x676.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fortaleza_goian-300x198.jpg 300w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fortaleza_goian-768x507.jpg 768w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fortaleza_goian-1536x1014.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fortaleza_goian-700x462.jpg 700w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fortaleza_goian-1100x726.jpg 1100w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fortaleza_goian.jpg 1934w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Aerial view of Goi\u00e1n Fortress, Tomi\u00f1o. Photo: Tomi\u00f1o City Council <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-c412e82 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default parallax_section_no qode_elementor_container_no qode-content-aligment-left\" data-id=\"c412e82\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-fbeb344\" data-id=\"fbeb344\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55ed48d elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"55ed48d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d5f0da elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7d5f0da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>The War in Galicia <\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-594090e elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"594090e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0bf6d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0bf6d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Galician front <strong>was a secondary theater<\/strong> of the war. Due to being far from the Court of both kingdoms and having rough terrain, it was not suitable for military maneuvers. In the early years of the war, the destruction of the Benedictine monastery of Fiaes in 1641 stood out, as well as the Galician victory in the <a href=\"https:\/\/gl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Batalla_de_Vilaza\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Battle of Vilaza<\/strong><\/a> against the Spanish loss of the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/fortalezas.es\/es\/fortificaciones\/praza-forte-de-salvaterra-de-mino\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stronghold of Salvaterra de Mi\u00f1o<\/a><\/strong> in 1642, a place that was recovered in 1659. <strong>Combat<\/strong> was limited to some mutual incursions and <strong>Spanish attempts<\/strong> without success <strong>to recover Salvaterra de Mi\u00f1o<\/strong>. The two strongholds of the Galician front were <a href=\"https:\/\/fortalezas.es\/es\/fortificaciones\/praza-forte-de-tui\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Tui<\/strong><\/a> and <strong>Monterrei<\/strong>. The militias of Eastern and Western Galicia were concentrated in them. Each had subsidiary smaller fortresses distributed on each side of the Mi\u00f1o border, thus the <strong>Castle of Fornelos<\/strong> belonged to the Tui war jurisdiction and the <strong>Alcazar of Milmanda<\/strong> to that of Monterrei, both divisions subordinate to the command of the Captain General of Galicia, a title that passed through several hands.    <\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><strong>The War of Restoration lasted until 1668<\/strong>, with the signing of the <strong>Treaty of Lisbon<\/strong>, which established the current border. <strong>Portugal recovered Mon\u00e7\u00e3o, Lapela, San Miguel dos Reis and S\u00e3o Pedro da Torre<\/strong>. The strongholds of <strong>A Guarda and Goi\u00e1n returned to Galicia<\/strong>. Many campaign fortifications were destroyed and permanent ones were completed, especially Portuguese ones, or new fortifications were built, such as the <strong>Castle of San Lourenzo in Goi\u00e1n<\/strong>.  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9def444 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"9def444\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cfd0855 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"cfd0855\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/valenzadominho.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Fortress of Valen\u00e7a Do Minho | Photo: Valen\u00e7a Do Minho Chamber\" data-elementor-lightbox-description=\"Fortress of Valen\u00e7a do Minho | Photo: Valen\u00e7a do Minho Chamber\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTM1NywidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2ZvcnRhbGV6YXNkYWZyb250ZWlyYS5jb21cL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjVcLzA5XC92YWxlbnphZG9taW5oby5qcGcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/valenzadominho-1024x683.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1357\" alt=\"Fortress of Valen\u00e7a do Minho | Photo: Valen\u00e7a do Minho Chamber\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/valenzadominho-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/valenzadominho-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/valenzadominho-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/valenzadominho-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/valenzadominho-700x467.jpg 700w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/valenzadominho-1100x733.jpg 1100w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/valenzadominho.jpg 1800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Fortress of Valen\u00e7a do Minho | Photo: Valen\u00e7a do Minho Chamber<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-f5d1255 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default parallax_section_no qode_elementor_container_no qode-content-aligment-left\" data-id=\"f5d1255\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-3bc4421\" data-id=\"3bc4421\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92e402d elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"92e402d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aef84a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aef84a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4>The War on the Mi\u00f1o River<\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1dd6da4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"1dd6da4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9f7f4b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e9f7f4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In the Lower Mi\u00f1o, there was already tension between monarchs and regional nobility, with frequent territorial disputes during the 12th and 13th centuries. The royalty of both kingdoms sought support points for their strategy of political-administrative empowerment, encouraging the construction of population centers along the Mi\u00f1o bank. The opposing populations consolidated over time, cities were walled or a castle owned by the monarch was built in them.  &nbsp;<\/p><p>During the modern era, the transformation of towns began to adapt them to the principles of the new bastioned fortification, and new fortifications were built to reinforce their defense.&nbsp;<\/p><p><br><\/p><p>In the Wet Border, the war was discontinuous and depended on the availability of personnel and material in both armies. It was a war with limited means and specialists, with great importance given to artillery, infantry weapons, and engineers, in which defensive architecture played a decisive role. &nbsp;<\/p><p><br><\/p><p>The number of fortifications found on the Galician border, thanks to the intense cataloging work carried out by historian and specialist in 17th-century war landscapes, Rebeca Blanco-Rotea, proves the importance that the &#8220;Galician front&#8221; had in this war. And, especially important, is what happened along both banks of the Mi\u00f1o River, especially in its final section, between Salvaterra and A Guarda and between Mon\u00e7\u00e3o and Caminha. So far, Blanco-Rotea had identified 46 military constructions on both sides of this border, 24 of them between Tui and Tomi\u00f1o and between Valen\u00e7a do Mi\u00f1o and Vilanova da Cerveira.  &nbsp;<\/p><p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<\/p><p>In fact, both the current municipalities of <b>Vilanova de Cerveira<\/b> and S\u00e3o Pedro da Torre on the Portuguese side, and Tomi\u00f1o on the Galician side, concentrate most of these fortresses. A fact that demonstrates the importance that the war had in this region. &nbsp;<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a65feca elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"a65feca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9254f3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f9254f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/guerra_mino-scaled.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"guerra_mino\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTM0OCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2ZvcnRhbGV6YXNkYWZyb250ZWlyYS5jb21cL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjVcLzA5XC9ndWVycmFfbWluby1zY2FsZWQuanBnIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"502\" src=\"https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/guerra_mino-1024x502.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1348\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/guerra_mino-1024x502.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/guerra_mino-300x147.jpg 300w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/guerra_mino-768x376.jpg 768w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/guerra_mino-1536x753.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/guerra_mino-2048x1004.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/guerra_mino-700x343.jpg 700w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/guerra_mino-1100x539.jpg 1100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Wars in the Lower Mi\u00f1o - Rebeca Blanco-Rotea. - Click to enlarge <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-c8f6342 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default parallax_section_no qode_elementor_container_no qode-content-aligment-left\" data-id=\"c8f6342\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-8bf5868\" data-id=\"8bf5868\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5063b42 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"5063b42\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a96850 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a96850\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4>Fortifications in the 17th Century <\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca44cb8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"ca44cb8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87f18c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87f18c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This war confirms the change from old medieval defenses to bastioned-type fortifications in which artillery was incorporated into defensive systems. In fact, on the Mi\u00f1o border there are two different models of fortification: medieval, based on the use of high walls and towers, and modern, with a polygonal enclosure that uses the bastion, from which it gets its name.  <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37f430f elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"37f430f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-616e2c5 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default parallax_section_no qode_elementor_container_no qode-content-aligment-left\" data-id=\"616e2c5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-a442e03\" data-id=\"a442e03\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d097e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"8d097e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a3efe0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2a3efe0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5>Types of Fortifications <\/h5>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a18a95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"0a18a95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e5acf5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8e5acf5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This war confirms the change from old medieval defenses to bastioned-type fortifications in which artillery was incorporated into defensive systems. In fact, on the Mi\u00f1o border there are two different models of fortification: medieval, based on the use of high walls and towers, and modern, with a polygonal enclosure that uses the bastion, from which it gets its name.  <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2ca709 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default parallax_section_no qode_elementor_container_no qode-content-aligment-left\" data-id=\"d2ca709\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-f9d6148\" data-id=\"f9d6148\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e452b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1e452b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fortaleza_amorin.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Fort of Amor\u00edn Topographical Relation of Fortified Places and Posts of the Kingdom of Galicia, 1800 Miguel De Hermosilla, Drawing by Josef La Fuente \u00a9 Archive of the Military Historical Service\" data-elementor-lightbox-description=\"Fort of Amor\u00edn\n\nTopographical relation of fortified places and posts of the Kingdom of Galicia, 1800 Miguel de Hermosilla, drawing by Josef la Fuente\n\u00a9 Archive of the Military Historical Service\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTM0OSwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2ZvcnRhbGV6YXNkYWZyb250ZWlyYS5jb21cL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjVcLzA5XC9mb3J0YWxlemFfYW1vcmluLmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"668\" src=\"https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fortaleza_amorin.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-1349\" alt=\"Fort of Amor\u00edn Topographical relation of fortified places and posts of the Kingdom of Galicia, 1800 Miguel de Hermosilla, drawing by Josef la Fuente \u00a9 Archive of the Military Historical Service\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fortaleza_amorin.jpg 800w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fortaleza_amorin-300x251.jpg 300w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fortaleza_amorin-768x641.jpg 768w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fortaleza_amorin-700x585.jpg 700w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-ce3a2cc\" data-id=\"ce3a2cc\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2f1e74 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"b2f1e74\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d39b2e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1d39b2e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6>FORTRESS<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-263fc51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"263fc51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e2c2c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1e2c2c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Prepared for modern warfare based on artillery. Not visible until you&#8217;re upon it.  <\/p><p><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d7611d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0d7611d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Fort of Amor\u00edn<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Topographical relation of fortified places and posts of the Kingdom of Galicia, 1800 Miguel de Hermosilla, drawing by Josef la Fuente<\/em><br><em>\u00a9 Military Historical Service Archive<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1bb6e44 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"1bb6e44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-09b72c5 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default parallax_section_no qode_elementor_container_no qode-content-aligment-left\" data-id=\"09b72c5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-4974388\" data-id=\"4974388\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7976b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d7976b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/praza_forte_valenca.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Stronghold of Valen\u00e7a Villalobos, 1713, \u00a9 National Library of Portugal\" data-elementor-lightbox-description=\"Stronghold of Valen\u00e7a\nVillalobos, 1713, \u00a9 National Library of Portugal\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTM1MCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2ZvcnRhbGV6YXNkYWZyb250ZWlyYS5jb21cL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjVcLzA5XC9wcmF6YV9mb3J0ZV92YWxlbmNhLmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1128\" src=\"https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/praza_forte_valenca.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-1350\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/praza_forte_valenca.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/praza_forte_valenca-300x176.jpg 300w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/praza_forte_valenca-1024x602.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/praza_forte_valenca-768x451.jpg 768w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/praza_forte_valenca-1536x902.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/praza_forte_valenca-700x411.jpg 700w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/praza_forte_valenca-1100x646.jpg 1100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-c29e6eb\" data-id=\"c29e6eb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cee2e7b elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"cee2e7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf90c98 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cf90c98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6>STRONGHOLD<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93a0772 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"93a0772\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37a066d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"37a066d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Fortress that contains a population and its garrison <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-34119f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"34119f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>Stronghold of Valen\u00e7a<\/em><br><em>Villalobos, 1713, \u00a9 National Library of Portugal<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4c3e9e elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"f4c3e9e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-1635eff elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default parallax_section_no qode_elementor_container_no qode-content-aligment-left\" data-id=\"1635eff\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-ebe8587\" data-id=\"ebe8587\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc14ae6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"cc14ae6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/reduto.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"The Games of Fortification, 1752 Pablo Minguet E Yrol \u00a9 National Library of Spain\" data-elementor-lightbox-description=\"The Games of Fortification, 1752\nPablo Minguet e Yrol\n\u00a9 National Library of Spain\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTM1MSwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2ZvcnRhbGV6YXNkYWZyb250ZWlyYS5jb21cL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjVcLzA5XC9yZWR1dG8uanBnIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"292\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/reduto-292x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-1351\" alt=\"The Games of Fortification, 1752 Pablo Minguet e Yrol \u00a9 National Library of Spain\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/reduto-292x300.jpg 292w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/reduto-768x788.jpg 768w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/reduto-700x718.jpg 700w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/reduto.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 292px) 100vw, 292px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-b1d90b2\" data-id=\"b1d90b2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-427f127 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"427f127\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f2881f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0f2881f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6>REDOUBT<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4133061 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"4133061\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f72ead7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f72ead7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Square defense with moat, parapet and embankment <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23adcd2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"23adcd2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>The Games of Fortification, 1752<\/em><br><em>Pablo Minguet e Yrol \u00a9 National Library of Spain<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ced075 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"7ced075\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-2460942 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default parallax_section_no qode_elementor_container_no qode-content-aligment-left\" data-id=\"2460942\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-209741b\" data-id=\"209741b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5cf6248 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5cf6248\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fortaleza_amorin_2-scaled.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"fortaleza_amorin_2\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTM1MiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2ZvcnRhbGV6YXNkYWZyb250ZWlyYS5jb21cL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjVcLzA5XC9mb3J0YWxlemFfYW1vcmluXzItc2NhbGVkLmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1573\" src=\"https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fortaleza_amorin_2-scaled.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-1352\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fortaleza_amorin_2-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fortaleza_amorin_2-300x184.jpg 300w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fortaleza_amorin_2-1024x629.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fortaleza_amorin_2-768x472.jpg 768w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fortaleza_amorin_2-1536x944.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fortaleza_amorin_2-2048x1258.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fortaleza_amorin_2-700x430.jpg 700w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/fortaleza_amorin_2-1100x676.jpg 1100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-2562349\" data-id=\"2562349\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0107e6f elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"0107e6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ab5b25 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0ab5b25\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6>PLATFORM OR BATTERY<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-623bc2d elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"623bc2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d90b696 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d90b696\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>With embrasures on the fronts, defends places adjacent to fortresses. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e831888 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e831888\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6>CROWNED WORK<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-acf1bc4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"acf1bc4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>External work added to a fort protecting access.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-351d0b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"351d0b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6>FORT<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f861834 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f861834\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Small-sized fortress; if very small it&#8217;s called a Fortin. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed0762a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ed0762a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>The Games of Fortification, 1752<\/em><br><em>Pablo Minguet e Yrol \u00a9 National Library of Spain<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-227bf82 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"227bf82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-3c1783c elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default parallax_section_no qode_elementor_container_no qode-content-aligment-left\" data-id=\"3c1783c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5360974\" data-id=\"5360974\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ba4346 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"5ba4346\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1021003 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1021003\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5>ARTILLERY<\/h5>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a00e60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"4a00e60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9790b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c9790b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>There were a great number of calibers and types of pieces. Each kingdom had its own production centers. In the 16th century, two types of artillery were born:   <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c73dd08 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"c73dd08\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-2af54bf elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default parallax_section_no qode_elementor_container_no qode-content-aligment-left\" data-id=\"2af54bf\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-1a6f8ad\" data-id=\"1a6f8ad\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6cc6a8b elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"6cc6a8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-903aa5a elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"903aa5a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9930486 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9930486\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/canon.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"Artillery Piece 1728, Ministry of Culture, State Archives General Archive of Simancas\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTM1MywidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2ZvcnRhbGV6YXNkYWZyb250ZWlyYS5jb21cL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjVcLzA5XC9jYW5vbi5qcGcifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"222\" src=\"https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/canon-1024x222.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1353\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/canon-1024x222.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/canon-300x65.jpg 300w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/canon-768x167.jpg 768w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/canon-700x152.jpg 700w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/canon.jpg 1037w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Artillery piece 1728, Ministry of Culture, State Archives General Archive of Simancas<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0365ac7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"0365ac7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-fefbb9e elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default parallax_section_no qode_elementor_container_no qode-content-aligment-left\" data-id=\"fefbb9e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-6796af9\" data-id=\"6796af9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de10e49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"de10e49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-651cbf9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"651cbf9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-e4c3e9f elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default parallax_section_no qode_elementor_container_no qode-content-aligment-left\" data-id=\"e4c3e9f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-540a17c\" data-id=\"540a17c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-067d725 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"067d725\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/artilleria_bn.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"The Games of Fortification, 1752 Pablo Minguet E Yrol \u00a9 National Library of Spain\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTM1NSwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2ZvcnRhbGV6YXNkYWZyb250ZWlyYS5jb21cL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjVcLzA5XC9hcnRpbGxlcmlhX2JuLmpwZyJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1530\" height=\"908\" src=\"https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/artilleria_bn.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-1355\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/artilleria_bn.jpg 1530w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/artilleria_bn-300x178.jpg 300w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/artilleria_bn-1024x608.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/artilleria_bn-768x456.jpg 768w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/artilleria_bn-700x415.jpg 700w, https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/artilleria_bn-1100x653.jpg 1100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1530px) 100vw, 1530px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-7c180e5\" data-id=\"7c180e5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2257eab elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"2257eab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71b1259 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71b1259\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6>THE CANNONS<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-005ace2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"005ace2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>(Half, Third and Quarter cannon&#8230;), of smaller size, had greater firepower and consumed less gunpowder. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc03853 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc03853\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6>THE CULVERINS<\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e98ddc elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"1e98ddc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c38742a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c38742a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Characterized by their large muzzle, cast in one piece, and were of medium and small caliber.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p>The advances at this time are <strong>the gun carriages,<\/strong> equipped with wheels to transport weapons easily during military operations, and light pieces drawn by horses are used. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-533b0fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"533b0fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>AS TORRES PROJECT &#8211; Tomi\u00f1o War and Territory INDEX T he main consequence of this war was the construction of a border defensive network that modernized the medieval castle network, giving rise to a new landscape that materialized the principles of bastioned fortification: now the medieval castles, with their keeps, changed their appearance, and were surrounded by bastions and complex defensive lines. The surrounding lands were filled with moats, half-moons, ravelins, hornworks, and other exterior defenses that made it difficult for the enemy army to access the fortress or border towns. The border cities underwent a major transformation that radically modified their layout, access systems, and the lives of their inhabitants, who now saw the beginning of large construction projects amid intermittent battles. Gravura descritiva da Batalha&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"full_width.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1347","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1347","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1347"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1347\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/fortalezasdafronteira.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1347"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}